Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was introduced for basic forest measurements, such as tree
height and diameter, in the early 2000s. Recent advances in sensor and algorithm …

Vegetation structural complexity (VSC)—the three‐dimensional distribution of plants within
an ecosystem—is an important ecological trait. To date, research has focused primarily on …

Forest canopy structural complexity (CSC) plays a crucial role in sha** forest ecosystem
productivity and stability, but the precise nature of their relationships remains controversial …

Forest structure is an important driver of ecosystem dynamics, including the exchange of
carbon, water and energy between canopies and the atmosphere. Structural descriptors are …

The three‐dimensional (3D) physical aspects of ecosystems are intrinsically linked to
ecological processes. Here, we describe structural diversity as the volumetric capacity …

Abstract Structure–function relationships are central to many ecological paradigms. Chief
among these is the linkage of net primary production (NPP) with species diversity and …

The measurement of forest structure has evolved steadily due to advances in technology,
methodology, and theory. Such advances have greatly increased our capacity to describe …

Biodiversity is believed to be closely related to ecosystem functions. However, the ability of
existing biodiversity measures, such as species richness and phylogenetic diversity, to …

Humans are rapidly transforming the structural configuration of the planet's ecosystems, but
these changes and their ecological consequences remain poorly quantified in underwater …

Forest canopy structural complexity (CSC) describes the three-dimensional (3D)
arrangement of canopy elements, and has become an emergent forest attribute mediating …