Catalytic pyrolysis has been widely explored for bio-oil production from lignocellulosic
biomass owing to its high feasibility and large-scale production potential. The aim of this …

Biofuels are sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels because of their renewable and low-cost
raw materials, environmentally friendly conversion technologies and low emissions upon …

Indonesia leads the world in biodiesel usage, with B35 (a mixture of 35% biodiesel and 65%
diesel fuel) as its nationwide standard. The success of biodiesel program is primarily …

The concept of biorefinery depends on the recuperation of higher-value chemicals with
potential for a wide dissemination and an untapped marketability. To construct a clearer …

Ever-increasing pollution, high surge in energy demand and depletion of fossil fuel reserves
has triggered the issue of non-uniform supply and demand of conventional fuels. This issue …

Bioenergy is becoming very popular, drawing attention as a renewable energy source that
may assist in managing growing energy costs, besides possibly affording revenue to …

Biodiesel production faces environmental and economic challenges due to the use of
homogeneous catalysts, such as NaOH, KOH, NaOCH 3, and KOCH 3. Despite their good …

With the rapid development of industry and the increasing demand for transportation,
traditional sources of energy have been excessively consumed. Biodiesel as an alternative …

Fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, remain the main source of global energy
supply. Not only the storage capacity is limited, but also the use of the ecological …

The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing demand for energy are encountered by
generating renewable biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) produces not only biogas, also …