Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

The immune system is coordinated by an intricate network of stimulatory and inhibitory
circuits that regulate host responses against endogenous and exogenous insults. Disruption …

Cancer vaccines aim to direct the immune system to eradicate cancer cells. Here we review
the essential immunologic concepts underpinning natural immunity and highlight the …

Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic multiprotein complexes comprising a sensor protein,
inflammatory caspases, and in some but not all cases an adapter protein connecting the two …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive‐sense RNA viruses
having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved …

Summary Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an enzyme in human cells that controls an
immune response to cytosolic DNA. Upon binding DNA, cGAS synthesizes a nucleotide …

The innate immune system is the first line of the host defense program against pathogens
and harmful substances. Antiviral innate immune responses can be triggered by multiple …

Studies suggest that the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy is influenced
by intestinal bacteria. However, the influence of the microbiome on radiation therapy is not …

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules that
are released from damaged or dying cells and activate the innate immune system by …

The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens;
however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is …