Simple Summary Higher plants face a variety of stress conditions. There are a number of
different antioxidant enzymes that help plants to cope with these stresses. During stresses …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were initially recognized as toxic by-products of aerobic
metabolism. In recent years, it has become apparent that ROS plays an important signaling …

In a persistently changing environment, plants are constantly challenged by various abiotic
stresses such as salinity, drought, temperature extremes, heavy metal toxicity, high-light …

Increased UV-B radiation on the earth's surface due to depletion of stratospheric ozone layer
is one of the changes of current climate-change pattern. The deleterious effects of UV-B …

The stationary life of plants has led to the evolution of a complex gridded antioxidant
defence system constituting numerous enzymatic components, playing a crucial role in …

Radiation is widespread in nature, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun, cosmic
radiation and radiation emitted by natural radionuclides. Over the years, the increasing …

Plants are exposed to a multitude of environmental stresses like drought, salinity, cold, heat,
UV‐B rays and heavy metal toxicity which severely impair plant development and reduce …

Plants are sessile organisms, and consequently cannot avoid exposure to stressful
environmental conditions. Exposure to mild stress conditions can induce active acclimation …

Abstract Alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) is a member of the vitamin E family and is lipid soluble. Its
biosynthesis is by the reaction of isopentyl diphosphate and homogentisic acid in plastid …

Tocopherols are lipophilic antioxidants and together with tocotrienols belong to the vitamin-
E family. The four forms of tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-and δ-tocopherols) consist of a polar …