Negative symptoms in schizophrenia may be classified as primary or secondary. Primary
negative symptoms are thought to be intrinsic to schizophrenia, while secondary negative …

If schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome rather than a single disease, the identification of
specific diseases within the syndrome would facilitate the advance of knowledge and the …

Objective: When a schizophrenia patient has an inadequate response to treatment with an
antipsychotic drug, it is unclear what other antipsychotic to switch to and when to use …

Background Consensus panel recommendations regarding choice of an antipsychotic agent
for schizophrenia differ markedly, but most consider second-generation antipsychotics …

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia is the object of intense interest because of recent
developments in its treatment and aetiology. The actual definition of treatment-resistant …

Background Long‐term drug treatment of schizophrenia with typical antipsychotic drugs has
limitations: 25 to 33% of sufferers have illnesses that are treatment resistant. Clozapine is an …

A systematic approach to the evaluation and characterization of treatment resistance in
schizophrenia has become increasingly important since the introduction of the second …

Background Clozapine, a relatively expensive antipsychotic drug, is widely used to treat
patients with refractory schizophrenia. It has a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects …

We review evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled studies of patients with
schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, which compared 2 or more doses of an …

▪ Abstract “Atypical” antipsychotics represent a new generation of antipsychotics with a
significantly lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), as well as little or no effect …