HIV infection can be effectively treated by lifelong administration of combination antiretroviral
therapy, but an effective vaccine will likely be required to end the HIV epidemic. Although the …

This year marks the thirtieth anniversary of the publication of the study that first reported the
isolation of HIV-1. In this Timeline article, we provide a historical perspective of some of the …

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces HIV-associated morbidities and
mortalities but cannot cure the infection. Given the difficulty of eradicating HIV-1, a functional …

CD8+ T cell exhaustion is a hallmark of many cancers and chronic infections. In mice, T cell
factor 1 (TCF-1) maintains exhausted CD8+ T cell responses, whereas thymocyte selection …

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suppresses HIV-1 replication but cannot
eliminate the virus because HIV-1 establishes latent infection. Interruption of HAART leads …

Abstract Non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia (NSV) is defined as persistent low-level viremia on
antiretroviral therapy (ART) without evidence of ART non-adherence or significant drug …

Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

The new field of viral dynamics, based on within-host modeling of viral infections, began with
models of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but now includes many viral infections …

Chronic viral infections can appear in two very different forms: those that are typically
immunologically contained after acute symptomatic infection, such as Epstein-Barr virus …

Virus-specific CD8+ T cells probably mediate control over HIV replication in rare individuals,
termed long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) or elite controllers. Despite extensive …