Insect colours assist in body protection, signalling, and physiological adaptations. Colours
also convey multiple channels of information. These channels are valuable for species …

Birds exhibit remarkable variation in plumage patterns, both within individual feathers and
among plumage patches. Differences in the size, shape, and location of pigments and …

The first comprehensive review of all aspects of the biology of moult, drawing information
from across the literature and in all birds, from penguins to passerines. Feathers are …

Biological rules describe general morphological, structural and genetic patterns within and
across species. Within these, ecogeographical rules correlate phenotypic variation of …

Avian evolution has generated an impressive array of patterns and colors in the~ 10,000
bird species that exist on Earth. Recently, a number of exciting studies have utilized whole …

Colour patterns often influence how animals interact with one another, but the ability of
researchers to quantify pattern per se is hampered by a lack of easily accessible and user …

Communication signals often comprise an array of colours, lines, spots, notes or odours that
are arranged in complex patterns, melodies or blends. Receiver perception is assumed to …

Animal coloration patterns, from zebra stripes to bird egg speckles, are remarkably varied.
With research on the perception, function, and evolution of animal patterns growing rapidly …

Explaining colour variation among animals at broad geographic scales remains challenging.
Here we demonstrate how deep learning—a form of artificial intelligence—can reveal subtle …

How animals assess information encoded in individual color patches have been extensively
studied, yet the role of both individual color patches and gross color pattern (ie, the …