Since the early 1990s, nanotechnology has led to new horizons in nanomedicine, which
encompasses all spheres of science including chemistry, material science, biology, and …

Viruses are ubiquitous. They infect almost every species and are probably the most
abundant biological entities on the planet, yet they are excluded from the Tree of Life (ToL) …

The first case of the coronavirus disease, Covid-19, was officially reported from Wuhan,
China, on 31 December 2019 (World Health Organization 2020a). The coronavirus disease …

Viral modernity is a concept based upon the nature of viruses, the ancient and critical role
they play in evolution and culture, and the basic application to understanding the role of …

The origin of viruses remains mysterious because of their diverse and patchy molecular and
functional makeup. Although numerous hypotheses have attempted to explain viral origins …

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has piqued public interest in the properties, evolution,
and emergence of viruses. Here, we discuss how these basic questions have surprisingly …

Three major discoveries have recently profoundly modified our perception of the viral world:
molecular ecologists have shown that viral particles are more abundant than cells in natural …

The canonical frameworks of viral evolution describe viruses as cellular predecessors,
reduced forms of cells, or entities that escaped cellular control. The discovery of giant …

Subunit vaccines based on antigen-encoding nucleic acids have shown great promise for
antigen-specific immunization against cancer and infectious diseases. Vaccines require …

Taxonomical classification has preceded evolutionary understanding. For that reason,
taxonomy has become a battleground fueled by knowledge gaps, technical limitations, and …