Highlights•Clinical studies support the use of probiotics for preventing AAD.•AAD prevention
by probiotics is multifactorial and strain dependent.•Probiotics are associated with gut …

Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium. The
majority of C. difficile strains produce two toxins, A and B, associated with the development …

Periodontal disease is an oral infectious and inflammatory disease caused by
microorganisms that determine the host-mediated destruction of soft and hard periodontal …

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is defined as diarrhea associated with antibiotic
exposure, either while on antibiotics, or for up to 8 weeks after antibiotic discontinuation. 1, 2 …

Background: The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 infected millions of people. Some
patients had gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, abnormal liver function, digestive system …

Antimicrobial resistance is a major concern. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated
direct relationships between antibiotic consumption and emergence/dissemination of …

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) affects approximately 500,000 patients annually in the
United States, of these around 30,000 will die. CDI carries significant burdens including …

Reproductive issues are becoming an increasing global problem. There is increasing
interest in the relationship between microbiota and reproductive health. Stable microbiota …

Clostridioides difficile is the main causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in
hospitals in the developed world. Both infected patients and asymptomatic colonized …

Introduction Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a major hospital problem and a common
adverse effect of antibiotic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence …