The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER
stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore …

Endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) pathways comprising chaperones, folding
enzymes, and degradation factors ensure the fidelity of ER protein folding and trafficking to …

Cellular stress induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins at
the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is emerging as a possible driver of human diseases …

Metabolic homeostasis in mammals is tightly regulated by the complementary actions of
insulin and glucagon. The secretion of these hormones from pancreatic β-cells and α-cells …

BACKGROUND The integrated stress response (ISR) is an evolutionarily conserved
intracellular signaling network that helps the cell, tissue, and organism to adapt to a variable …

Obesity is one of the major health burdens of the 21st century as it contributes to the growing
prevalence of its related comorbidities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes …

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the failure of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells (or β-
cell death) due to either autoimmunity (type 1 diabetes mellitus) or failure to compensate for …

Background The global rise of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and
cardiovascular disease, demands a thorough molecular understanding of the cellular …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous intracellular organelle and the first
compartment of the secretory pathway. As such, the ER contributes to the production and …

In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum is essential for the folding and trafficking of
proteins that enter the secretory pathway. Environmental insults or increased protein …