Cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development have significantly improved the fight
against cancers. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in the clinical …

Traditional cancer therapeutics, such as chemotherapies, are often limited by their non-
specific nature, causing harm to non-malignant tissues. Over the past several decades …

Platinum-based drugs cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are widely used for
chemotherapeutic eradication of cancer. However, the side effects of platinum drugs, such …

Tumor immunotherapy exerts its anti-tumor effects by stimulating and enhancing immune
responses of the body. It has become another important modality of anti-tumor therapy with …

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity with a complex pathophysiology.
Traditional cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and …

The polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from M2 to M1 phenotype
demonstrates great potential for remodeling the immunosuppressive tumor …

Cancer vaccines show huge potential for cancer prevention and treatment. However, their
efficacy remains limited due to weak immunogenicity regarding inefficient stimulation of …

Nanotechnology has been extensively studied and exploited for cancer treatment as
nanoparticles can play a significant role as a drug delivery system. Compared to …

The successful clinical application of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric
antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapeutics has attracted extensive attention to …

Immunotherapy has had a profound positive effect on certain types of cancer but has not
improved the outcomes of glioma because of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and …