T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

Abstract Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), in addition to targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-
L1, novel targeting LAG-3 drugs have also been approved in clinical application. With the …

Immunotherapy has been a remarkable clinical advancement in the treatment of cancer. T
cells are pivotal to the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies, including immune …

Summary Blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signaling transforms cancer therapy and is assumed to
unleash exhausted tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a heterogeneous cell population that plays a
crucial role in remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, through the integrated …

Adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have existed for decades. From the initial infusion of tumor-
infiltrating lymphocytes to the subsequent specific enhanced T cell receptor (TCR)-T and …

T cells can acquire a broad spectrum of differentiation states following activation. At the
extreme ends of this continuum are short-lived cells equipped with effector machinery and …

Chronic antigen stimulation during viral infections and cancer can lead to T cell exhaustion,
which is characterized by reduced effector function and proliferation, and the expression of …

INTRODUCTION More than 50% of patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–T
cells for B cell malignancies develop progressive disease after CAR therapy, and these …

Tumor-specific CD8+ T cells (TST) in patients with cancer are dysfunctional and unable to
halt cancer progression. TST dysfunction, also known as exhaustion, is thought to be driven …