Cilia and flagella are fundamental units of motion in cellular biology. These beating, hair-like
organelles share a common basic structure but maintain widely varying functions in systems …

Few topics in geobiology have been as extensively debated as the role of Earth's
oxygenation in controlling when and why animals emerged and diversified. All currently …

The assembly of the neuronal and other major cell type programs occurred early in animal
evolution. We can reconstruct this process by studying non-bilaterians like placozoans …

All epistemic agents physically consist of parts that must somehow comprise an integrated
cognitive self. Biological individuals consist of subunits (organs, cells, and molecular …

The evolutionary origin of metazoan cell types such as neurons and muscles is not known.
Using whole-body single-cell RNA sequencing in a sponge, an animal without nervous …

INTRODUCTION In animals, gene regulatory networks specify cell identity in space and
time. Transcription of genes in these networks is modulated by a class of cis-regulatory …

The epithelial and interstitial stem cells of the freshwater polyp Hydra are the best-
characterized stem cell systems in any cnidarian, providing valuable insight into cell type …

The diversified NF-κB transcription factor family has been extensively characterized in
organisms ranging from flies to humans. However, homologs of NF-κB and many upstream …

The emergence of animals from their unicellular ancestors is a major evolutionary event.
Thanks to the study of diverse close unicellular relatives of animals, we now have a better …

Sponges are the oldest known extant animal-microbe symbiosis. These ubiquitous benthic
animals play an important role in marine ecosystems in the cycling of dissolved organic …