Intercellular communication mediated by cytokines is the main mechanism by which cells of
the immune system talk to each other. Many aspects of cytokine signalling in the immune …

Resource allocation affects the structure of microbiomes, including those associated with
living hosts. Understanding the degree to which this dependency determines interspecies …

For decades, multiple-driver/stressor research has examined interactions among drivers that
will undergo large changes in the future: temperature, pH, nutrients, oxygen, pathogens, and …

Niche Theory is a central framework in ecology based on the recognition that most
interactions between organisms are indirect, mediated by the biotic and abiotic dynamical …

The worldwide loss of species diversity brings urgency to understanding how diverse
ecosystems maintain stability. Whereas early ecological ideas and classic observations …

Directed evolution has been used for decades to engineer biological systems at or below
the organismal level. Above the organismal level, a small number of studies have attempted …

It has recently become apparent that the diversity of microbial life extends far below the
species level to the finest scales of genetic differences. Remarkably, extensive fine-scale …

A fundamental goal of microbial ecology is to understand what determines the diversity,
stability, and structure of microbial ecosystems. The microbial context poses special …

Environmental composition is a major, though poorly understood, determinant of
microbiome dynamics. Here we ask whether general principles govern how microbial …

The bias-variance trade-off is a central concept in supervised learning. In classical statistics,
increasing the complexity of a model (eg, number of parameters) reduces bias but also …