Evolutionary changes in organismal traits may occur either gradually or suddenly. However,
until recently, there has been little direct information about how phenotypic changes are …

The idea of 'key innovations' has long been influential in theoretical and empirical
approaches to understanding adaptive diversification. Despite originally revolving around …

The order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, sawflies, and bees) represents one of the most
diverse animal lineages, but whether specific key innovations have contributed to its …

Every mammalian species harbours a gut microbiota, and variation in the gut microbiota
within mammalian species can have profound effects on host phenotypes. In this review, we …

Phylogeography is a discipline concerned with various relationships between gene
genealogies—phylogenetics—and geography. The word “phylogeography” was coined in …

▪ Abstract As better phylogenetic hypotheses become available for many groups of
organisms, studies in community ecology can be informed by knowledge of the evolutionary …

Adaptive radiation is the evolution of diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage. It can
cause a single ancestral species to differentiate into an impressively vast array of species …

The term 'biodiversity'is a simple contraction of 'biological diversity', and at first sight the
concept is simple too: biodiversity is the sum total of all biotic variation from the level of …

Adaptive radiation refers to diversification from an ancestral species that produces
descendants adapted to use a great variety of distinct ecological niches. In this review, I …

Despite the fact that parasites are highly specialized with respect to their hosts, empirical
evidence demonstrates that host switching rather than co-speciation is the dominant factor …