The understanding of manganese (Mn) biology, in particular its cellular regulation and role
in neurological disease, is an area of expanding interest. Mn is an essential micronutrient …

The protonation state of soluble and membrane-associated macromolecules dictates their
charge, conformation, and functional activity. In addition, protons (H+ or their equivalents) …

The spleen combines the innate and adaptive immune system in a uniquely organized way.
The structure of the spleen enables it to remove older erythrocytes from the circulation and …

Iron is vital for almost all living organisms by participating in a wide variety of metabolic
processes, including oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and electron transport. However, iron …

The use of iron as a cofactor in basic metabolic pathways is essential to both pathogenic
microorganisms and their hosts. It is also a pivotal component of the innate immune …

With rare exceptions, virtually all studied organisms from Archaea to man are dependent on
iron for survival. Despite the ubiquitous distribution and abundance of iron in the biosphere …

The soil-dwelling social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum feeds on bacteria. Each meal is
a potential infection because some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to resist predation …

The family of NRAMP metal ion transporters functions in diverse organisms from bacteria to
human. NRAMP1 functions in metal transport across the phagosomal membrane of …

Iron is an essential nutrient that is tightly regulated. A principal function of the liver is the
regulation of iron homeostasis. The liver senses changes in systemic iron requirements and …

Iron is an essential metal for almost all living organisms due to its involvement in a large
number of iron-containing enzymes and proteins, yet it is also toxic. The mechanisms …