Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, a major substrate for oxidative metabolism, and a
branching point for glucose, lactate, fatty acid and amino acid synthesis. The mitochondrial …

The network for cardiac fuel metabolism contains intricate sets of interacting pathways that
result in both ATP-producing and non–ATP-producing end points for each class of energy …

Metabolic flexibility is the capacity of a system to adjust fuel (primarily glucose and fatty
acids) oxidation based on nutrient availability. The ability to alter substrate oxidation in …

In 1963, Lancet published a paper by Randle et al. that proposed a “glucose-fatty acid cycle”
to describe fuel flux between and fuel selection by tissues. The original biochemical …

The myocardium is metabolically flexible; however, impaired flexibility is associated with
cardiac dysfunction in conditions including diabetes and heart failure. The mitochondrial …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal regulator of various cellular functions. In cardiomyocytes,
Ca2+ is the central element of excitation–contraction coupling, but also impacts diverse …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is now the dominant form of heart
failure and one for which no efficacious therapies exist. Obesity and lipid mishandling …

Metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus are all
linked to cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Diabetic …

The leading cause of death in diabetic patients is cardiovascular disease; diabetic
cardiomyopathy is typified by alterations in cardiac morphology and function, independent of …

The most notable change in the metabolic profile of hypertrophied hearts is an increased
reliance on glucose with an overall reduced oxidative metabolism, ie a reappearance of the …