The transition from oviparity to viviparity and the establishment of feto-maternal
communications introduced the placenta as the major anatomical site to provide nutrients …

Appropriate fetal growth relies upon adequate placental nutrient transfer. Birthweight:
placental weight ratio (BW: PW ratio) is often used as a proxy for placental efficiency, defined …

BACKGROUND The placenta is the functional interface between the mother and the fetus
during pregnancy, and a critical determinant of fetal growth and life-long health. In the first …

Unexplained intrauterine growth restriction of the fetus (IUGR) results from impaired
placental development, frequently associated with maternal malperfusion. Some cases are …

Development of the human placenta is modulated heavily by the intrauterine environment.
During the first trimester, development takes place in a low oxygen environment supported …

Objectives Infant birth weight is influenced by modifiable maternal pre-pregnancy behaviors
and characteristics. We evaluated the relationship among pre-pregnancy body mass index …

Placental dysfunction refers to the insufficiency of placental perfusion and chronic hypoxia
during early pregnancy, which impairs placental function and causes inadequate supply of …

Human diseases in adulthood are increasingly associated with growth patterns in early life,
implicating early‐life nutrition as the underlying mechanism. The thrifty phenotype …

Intrauterine programming is the process by which the structure and function of tissues are
altered permanently by insults acting during early development. In mammals, the placenta …

The burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight is
considerable across the world. Several risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes have …