It is increasingly apparent that not only is a cure for the current worldwide diabetes epidemic
required, but also for its major complications, affecting both small and large blood vessels …

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of
mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system …

Abstract Development of central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and
peripheral signals. Previous studies have suggested that environmental factors affect …

Understanding how gut flora influences gut-brain communications has been the subject of
significant research over the past decade. The broadening of the term “microbiota-gut-brain …

The NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) transcription factor
family is a pleiotropic regulator of many cellular signaling pathways, providing a mechanism …

There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can
alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by …

A large body of experimental evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key
pathological event triggering and perpetuating the neurodegenerative process associated …

Over the past two decades it became evident that the immune system plays a central role in
modulating learning, memory and neural plasticity. Under normal quiescent conditions …

Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

Background The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal
(GI) physiology in part through interactions with the enteric nervous system (ENS) …