In Heliconius butterflies, wing colour pattern diversity and scale types are controlled by a few
genes of large effect that regulate colour pattern switches between morphs and species …

Abstract Two genes, Distal-less (Dll) and spalt (sal), are known to be involved in establishing
nymphalid butterfly wing patterns. They function in several ways: in the differentiation of the …

Novel organismal traits might reuse ancestral gene-regulatory networks (GRNs) in their
development, but data supporting this mechanism are still sparse. Here we show the reuse …

Novel phenotypes are increasingly recognized to have evolved by co-option of existing
gene regulatory networks (GRNs) into new developmental contexts, yet the changes …

Alternative life-history strategies (ALHS) are genetic polymorphisms generating phenotypes
differing in life histories that generally arise due to metabolic resource allocation tradeoffs …

The wing patterns of butterflies are an excellent system with which to study phenotypic
evolution. The incredibly diverse patterns are generated from an array of pigmented scales …

Butterfly wings exhibit a diversity of patterns which can vary between forewings and
hindwings and spatially across the same wing. Regulation of morphological variation …

One of the central tenets of evolution is the concept of 'descent with modification'. All novel
morphological structures must have been ultimately, derived from more primitive forms …