Despite being one of the most familiar and widely recognized natural phenomena, lightning
remains relatively poorly understood. Even the most basic questions of how lightning is …

It is now well established that both thunderclouds and lightning routinely emit x-rays and
gamma-rays. These emissions appear over wide timescales, ranging from sub-microsecond …

The present white paper is submitted as part of the “Snowmass” process to help inform the
long-term plans of the United States Department of Energy and the National Science …

Lightning and thunderclouds are natural particle accelerators. Avalanches of relativistic
runaway electrons, which develop in electric fields within thunderclouds,, emit …

Lightning is an important atmospheric phenomenon and has wide-ranging influence on the
Earth system, but few long-term observational datasets of lightning occurrence and …

The Aragats Space Environmental Center facilities continuously measure fluxes of neutral
and charged secondary cosmic ray incidents on the Earth's surface. Since 2003 in the 1 …

Two different hard-radiation phenomena are known to originate from thunderclouds:
terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) and gamma-ray glows. Both involve an avalanche of …

The Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on the Fermi Gamma‐ray Space Telescope detected
12 intense terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) during its first year of observation. Typical …

Streamers are thin filamentary plasmas that can initiate spark discharges in relatively short
(several centimeters) gaps at near ground pressures and are also known to act as the …

A new instrument has been developed and deployed for sensitive reception of broadband
extremely low frequency (ELF)(defined in this paper as 300-3000 Hz) and very low …