Mangrove ecosystems are crucial for biodiversity and coastal protection but face threats from
climate change and human activities. This review assesses the productivity of the Matang …

Accurately estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) in forest ecosystems facilitates efficient
resource management, carbon accounting, and conservation efforts. This study examines …

This study assesses the relationships between vegetation dynamics and climatic variations
in Pakistan from 2000 to 2023. Employing high-resolution Landsat data for Normalized …

The study examines the complex dynamics of changes in LULC over three decades,
focused on the years 1992, 2002, 2012, and 2022. The research highlights the significance …

Vegetation fires have major impacts on the ecosystem and present a significant threat to
human life. Vegetation fires consists of forest fires, cropland fires, and other vegetation fires …

Understanding the dynamics of Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) is crucial for effective
environmental monitoring and management, especially in regions like Pakistan that are …

The increasing pressures of urban development and agricultural expansion have significant
implications for land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics, particularly in ecologically …

Elevation gradients significantly influence net primary productivity (NPP), but the relationship
between elevation, climate variables, and vegetation productivity remains underexplored …

The global escalation in forest fires, characterized by increasing frequency and severity,
results from a complex interplay of natural and anthropogenic factors, exacerbated by …

Abstract The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon exacerbates thermal discomfort in urban
areas and significantly contributes to urban overheating when combined with climate …