The notion that chronic stress fosters disease by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenocortical (HPA) axis is featured prominently in many theories. The research linking …

Childhood trauma is a potent risk factor for develo** depression in adulthood, particularly
in response to additional stress. We here summarize results from a series of clinical studies …

Objective: To perform a meta-analysis including all relevant studies exploring the interaction.
Data Sources: We identified studies published through November 2009 in PubMed. Study …

Evidence of marked variability in response among people exposed to the same
environmental risk implies that individual differences in genetic susceptibility might be at …

One of the most consistent findings in the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) is the higher risk of this disorder in women. Explanations reviewed within a …

Neurodevelopmental programming—the implementation of the genetic and epigenetic
blueprints that guide and coordinate normal brain development—requires tight regulation of …

Since Dr. Brizendine wrote The Female Brain ten years ago, the response has been
overwhelming. This New York Times bestseller has been translated into more than thirty …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common and moderately heritable. Recurrence and
early age at onset characterize cases with the greatest familial risk. Major depressive …

This article reviews the state-of-the-art research in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from
several perspectives:(1) Sex differences: PTSD is more frequent among women, who tend to …

Identifying biological mechanisms through which genes lead to individual differences in
emotional behavior is paramount to our understanding of how such differences confer risk …