Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

The NOP receptor (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide receptor) is the most recently
discovered member of the opioid receptor family and, together with its endogenous ligand …

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neuron subtypes defined by their in vivo properties
display distinct intrinsic electrical properties. We used bulk RNA sequencing of genetically …

Imbuing bio-inspired sensory devices with intelligent functions of human sensory organs has
been limited by challenges in emulating the preprocessing abilities of sensory organs such …

Pain thresholds are, in part, set as a function of emotional and internal states by descending
modulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Neurons of the rostral …

Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels initiate action potentials in most neurons, including
primary afferent nerve fibres of the pain pathway. Local anaesthetics block pain through non …

Opioids are the most commonly used and effective analgesic treatments for severe pain, but
they have recently come under scrutiny owing to epidemic levels of abuse and overdose …

Cellular interactions between delta and mu opioid receptors (DORs and MORs), including
heteromerization, are thought to regulate opioid analgesia. However, the identity of the …

The word somatosensation comes from joining the Greek word for body (soma) with a word
for perception (sensation). Somatosensory neurons comprise the largest sensory system in …

Opioid pain medications have detrimental side effects including analgesic tolerance and
opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Tolerance and OIH counteract opioid analgesia and …