Cryptic genetic variation (CGV) is invisible under normal conditions, but it can fuel evolution
when circumstances change. In theory, CGV can represent a massive cache of adaptive …

Robustness is characterized by the invariant expression of a phenotype in the face of a
genetic and/or environmental perturbation. Although phenotypic variance is a central …

The genetics of phenotypic responses to changing environments remains elusive. Using
whole-genome quantitative gene expression as a model, here we study how the genetic …

Protein folding both promotes and constrains adaptive evolution. We uncover this surprising
duality in the role of the protein-folding chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in …

Genetic interactions between mutations and standing polymorphisms can cause mutations
to show distinct phenotypic effects in different individuals. To characterize the genetic …

Canalization, or robustness to genetic or environmental perturbations, is fundamental to
complex organisms. While there is strong evidence for canalization as an evolved property …

Organisms rely on mutations to fuel adaptive evolution. However, many mutations impose a
negative effect on fitness. Cells may have therefore evolved mechanisms that affect the …

The protein-folding chaperone Hsp90 has been proposed to buffer the phenotypic effects of
mutations. The potential for Hsp90 and other putative buffers to increase robustness to …

Biologists have long observed that physiological and developmental processes are
insensitive, or robust, to many genetic and environmental perturbations. A complete …

The regulatory architecture of gene expression remains an area of active research. Here, we
studied how the interplay of genetic and environmental variation affects gene expression by …