ABSTRACT The 3Rs–Replacement, Reduction and Refinement–are embedded into the
legislation and guidelines governing the ethics of animal use in experiments. Here, we …

Fishes are used in a wide range of scientific studies, from conservation research with
potential benefits to the species used to biomedical research with potential human benefits …

The use of cell lines to test the toxicity of aquatic pollutants is a valuable alternative to fish
bioassays. In this study, fibroblast SAF-1 cells from the marine gilthead seabream (Sparus …

Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk
assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, pharmaceuticals, biocides, feed …

Glyphosate (GLY) is the active ingredient of several herbicide formulations widely used to
control weeds in agricultural and non-agricultural areas. Due to the intensive use of GLY …

The OECD test guideline 203 for determination of fish acute toxicity requires substantial
numbers of fish and uses death as an apical end point. One potential alternative are fish cell …

There is an increasing concern on the consequences of the presence of micro (nano)
plastics to marine organisms. The present study aimed to provide information on the effects …

Cultures of vertebrate cells are widely applied in mechanistic studies in human toxicology as
well as in toxicity identification in ecotoxicology. As in vitro models, they display many …

The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessment
of chemicals and pollutants has become of increasing importance. It is now the first …

The textile dyeing industry is one of the main sectors contributing to environmental pollution,
due to the generation of large amounts of wastewater loaded with dyes (ca. 2–50% of the …