The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the cholinergic systems in the
airways with special emphasis on the role of acetylcholine both as neurotransmitter in …

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) extends from the trachea throughout the bronchial tree to the
terminal bronchioles. In utero, spontaneous phasic contraction of fetal ASM is critical for …

In the decade since endothelin-1 (ET-1) and related endogenous peptides were first
identified as vascular endothelium-derived spasmogens, with potential pathophysiological …

Standard therapeutic options in organophosphate (OP) poisoning are limited to the
administration of atropine and oximes, a regimen often lacking in efficacy and applicability …

1. Within the lung, endothelin (ET)‐1 is synthesized and released by airway epithelial and
vascular endothelial cells, as well as by inflammatory cells, such as macrophages. Following …

Endothelin-1 (1-21)(ET-1 (1-21)) is a strong candidate as a significant mediator in asthma, in
part because of its powerful spasmogenic actions and its ability to enhance cholinergic …

Within the airways, endothelin-1 (ET-1) can exert a range of prominent effects, including
airway smooth muscle contraction, bronchial obstruction, airway wall edema, and airway …

Asthma involves a complex syndrome of respiratory pathologies that ultimately results in
bronchial obstruction and reduced lung ventilatory capacity. Inflammation of the respiratory …

Objective—To immunohistochemically determine the expression of endothelin (ET)
receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected …

Abstract Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been shown to potentiate cholinergic neurotransmission in
human bronchus as well as in airways from a variety of animal species, suggesting that ET …