The paradigm for the latitudinal gradient in species richness is that it is unimodal with a
tropical peak. For 27 published studies, and global datasets of 65 000 recent and 50 000 …

The marine areas of South America (SA) include almost 30,000 km of coastline and
encompass three different oceanic domains—the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic …

Microbes drive most ecosystems and are modulated by viruses that impact their lifespan,
gene flow, and metabolic outputs. However, ecosystem-level impacts of viral community …

Marine provinces, founded on contrasting floras or faunas, have been recognized for more
than 150 years but were not consistently defined by endemism until 1974. At that time …

The decline of biodiversity with latitude has received great attention, but both the concise
pattern and the causes of the gradient are under strong debate. Most studies of the …

Abstract The Humboldt Current System (HCS) is one of the most productive marine
ecosystems on earth. It extends along the west coast of South America from southern Chile …

The isolation of the Southern Ocean after the opening of Drake Passage some 23–25 million
years ago, the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the subsequent cooling of the …

For years scientists viewed the deep sea as calm, quiet, and undisturbed, with marine
species existing in an ecologically stable and uniform environment. Recent discoveries have …

Summary 1 Marine herbivorous fishes are considered to be of critical importance in
determining the biological structure of shallow reef environments, and by implication have …

For many decades molluscan data have been critical to the establishment of the concept of a
global-scale increase in species richness from the poles to the equator. Low polar diversity …