The study of individual behavioral variation, sometimes called animal personalities or
behavioral types, is now a well-established area of research in behavioral ecology and …

Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense
response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

Phenotypic plasticity, both within and across generations, is an important mechanism that
organisms use to cope with rapid climate change. While an increasing number of studies …

Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that
environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological …

The integration of research from developmental biology and ecology into evolutionary theory
has given rise to a relatively new field, ecological evolutionary developmental biology (Eco …

Many forms of developmental plasticity have been observed and these are usually
beneficial to the organism. The Predictive Adaptive Response (PAR) hypothesis refers to a …

Inducible epigenetic changes in eukaryotes are believed to enable rapid adaptation to
environmental fluctuations. We have found distinct regions of the Arabidopsis genome that …

Epigenetic inheritance is another piece of the puzzle of nongenetic inheritance, although the
prevalence, sources, persistence, and phenotypic consequences of heritable epigenetic …

Growing evidence shows that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to complex traits, with
implications across many fields of biology. In plant ecology, recent studies have attempted to …