Torrefaction is a thermochemical pretreatment process at 200–300° C in an inert condition
which transforms biomass into a relatively superior handling, milling, co-firing and clean …

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and greenhouse gas emissions led to limit the use of
fossil fuels, including natural gas, coal, or petroleum, and demand a clean and sustainable …

The hydrothermal (HT) conversion has been proposed to produce nitrogen, chlorine free
solid biofuel or liquid fertilizer from high moisture and nitrogen content bio-wastes, such as …

Fast pyrolysis and slow pyrolysis (including torrefaction) are thermochemical processes
involving the conversion of biomass into predominantly liquid or solid products respectively …

Despite being geographically dispersed, abundant, and accounting for almost half of the
world's coal reserves, low-rank coals (LRCs) find limited use due to their high moisture …

In the modern world, the major problems humanity faces, such as exploitation of depleting
natural resources, rising population, combined with other environmental and economic …

Lignite constitutes a major energy source and has long been used for energy production
despite its contribution in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as a fossil fuel. For example …

Low-rank coals (LRCs) constitute about 45% of the total coal reserves and hence will soon
be the fossil fuel of choice in many countries despite their high moisture content on mining …

Carbonization is a slow pyrolysis process in which biomass is converted into a highly
carbonaceous, charcoal-like material. Typically, carbonization consists of heating the …

The influence of moisture content during radio-frequency (RF) heating on heating rate,
dielectric properties, and inactivation of foodborne pathogens was investigated. The effect of …