Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian
skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause …

Abstract Lifestyle choices influence 20–40% of adult peak bone mass. Therefore,
optimization of lifestyle factors known to influence peak bone mass and strength is an …

Bone is a multi-skilled tissue, protecting major organs, regulating calcium phosphate
balance and producing hormones. Its development during childhood determines height and …

Sex steroids are chief regulators of gender differences in the skeleton, and male gender is
one of the strongest protective factors against osteoporotic fractures. This advantage in bone …

Context: Cross-sectional epidemiological studies have found that patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher incidence of certain fragility fractures despite normal …

Peak bone mass (PBM) is a key determinant of bone mass and fragility fractures later in life.
The increase in bone mass during childhood and adolescence is mainly related to an …

Age-related fragility fractures are an enormous public health problem. Both acquisition of
bone mass during growth and bone loss associated with ageing affect fracture risk late in …

Background The role of bone structure, one component of bone quality, has emerged as a
contributor to bone strength. The application of high-resolution imaging in evaluating bone …

This narrative review discusses several aspects of the management of osteoporosis in
patients under 50 years of age. Peak bone mass is genetically determined but can also be …

Background. Although data from rodent systems are extremely useful in providing insights
into possible mechanisms of age-related bone loss, concepts evolving from animal models …