CRISPR–Cas systems provide resistance against foreign mobile genetic elements and have
a wide range of genome editing and biotechnological applications. In this Review, we …

In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

The cyclic oligonucleotide-based antiphage signalling system (CBASS) and the pyrimidine
cyclase system for antiphage resistance (Pycsar) are antiphage defence systems in diverse …

Many bacteria use CRISPR–Cas systems to combat mobile genetic elements, such as
bacteriophages and plasmids. In turn, these invasive elements have evolved anti-CRISPR …

To contend with the diversity and ubiquity of bacteriophages and other mobile genetic
elements, bacteria have developed an arsenal of immune defence mechanisms. Bacterial …

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of non-crystalline single particles is a biophysical
technique that can be used to determine the structure of biological macromolecules and …

CRISPR–Cas adaptive immune systems are widespread among bacteria and archaea.
Recent studies have shown that these systems have minimal long-term evolutionary effects …

Adaptive immunity of prokaryotes is mediated by CRISPR-Cas systems that employ a large
variety of Cas protein effectors to identify and destroy foreign genetic material. The different …

Bacteriophages, discovered about a century ago, have been pivotal as models for
understanding the fundamental principles of molecular biology. While interest in phage …

Many bacterial and archaeal organisms use clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats–CRISPR associated (CRISPR–Cas) systems to defend themselves …