Background Tobacco smoking remains a major preventable cause of disease and death
worldwide. Combustible cigarettes release thousands of chemicals that can initiate …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Effective prevention and management strategies are essential to reduce the …

Background Liver fibrosis results from chronic liver injury and is characterized by excessive
deposition of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen. It can progress to cirrhosis and …

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent cancers and
leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Global disease burden has risen in tandem …

Abstract Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulin
deficiency and impaired glucose regulation. While daily insulin therapy is life-saving, many …

Molecular Pathways in Sepsis Pathogenesis: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Avenues
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Background: Liver fibrosis arises from chronic hepatic injury and involves the accumulation
of extracellular matrix proteins. Fibrosis progression ultimately leads to cirrhosis …

Background: Lupus osteoarthritis is a disabling complication of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) caused by persistent inflammation and biomechanical factors. The …

Background Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation and injury of the glomeruli, the tiny
filtration units within the kidneys. It can arise from various causes like infections …

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the heart
and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke. CVDs are a …