Motivated behaviors have fascinated neuroscientists and ethologists for decades due to
their necessity for organism survival. Motivations guide behavioral choice through an …

The vertebrate pituitary is arguably one of the most complex endocrine glands from the
evolutionary, anatomical and functional perspectives. The pituitary plays a master role in …

The color patterns of African cichlid fishes provide notable examples of phenotypic
convergence. Across the more than 1200 East African rift lake species, melanic horizontal …

The melanocortin system is a key regulator of appetite and food intake in vertebrates. This
system includes the neuropeptides neuropeptide y (NPY), agouti‐related peptide (AGRP) …

Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is a hypothalamic regulator of food consumption in mammals.
However, AgRP has also been detected in circulation, but a possible endocrine role has not …

The pituitary is a master endocrine gland that developed early in vertebrate evolution and
therefore exists in all modern vertebrate classes. The last decade has transformed our view …

The melanocortin system is a key neuroendocrine network involved in the control of food
intake and energy homeostasis in vertebrates. Within the hypothalamus, the system …

The orexigenic agouti-related protein (AgRP) and the anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin
(POMC) are crucial players in the control of feed intake in vertebrates, yet their role in …

Analyses of genoarchitecture recently stimulated substantial revisions of anatomical models
for the develo** hypothalamus in mammalian and other vertebrate systems. The …