Poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerases (PARPs) promote ADP-ribosylation, a
highly conserved, fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM). PARP catalytic …

Interferon (IFN) signaling induces the expression of a wide array of genes, collectively
referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that generally function to inhibit viral replication …

Recent evidence shows that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2) is sensitive to interferons (IFNs). However, the most effective types of IFNs and the …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major public health challenge, and the
current antiviral arsenal for treatment is limited, with questionable efficacy. Major efforts are …

The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) restricts the replication of a broad range of RNA and
DNA viruses. ZAP directly binds viral RNA, targeting it for degradation and inhibiting its …

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to cause substantial health and economic burdens,
and its target of elimination may not be reached in 2030 without further efforts in diagnostics …

Influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-COV2 are among the most
dangerous respiratory viruses. Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients and is very …

Detecting viral infection is a key role of the innate immune system. The genomes of some
RNA viruses have a high CpG dinucleotide content relative to most vertebrate cell RNAs …

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 7 (PARP-7) has emerged as a critically important member of
a large enzyme family that catalyzes ADP-ribosylation in mammalian cells. PARP-7 is a …

The tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases is well known for its roles in antiviral
restriction and innate immunity regulation, in addition to many other cellular pathways. In …