Vascular tone of resistance arteries and arterioles determines peripheral vascular
resistance, contributing to the regulation of blood pressure and blood flow to, and within the …

The heart is uniquely responsible for providing its own blood supply through the coronary
circulation. Regulation of coronary blood flow is quite complex and, after over 100 years of …

Oxidative stress has been established as a well-known pathological condition in several
neurovascular diseases. It starts with increased production of highly oxidizing free-radicals …

It has been known for more than 60 years, and suspected for over 100, that alveolar hypoxia
causes pulmonary vasoconstriction by means of mechanisms local to the lung. For the last …

Contraction of smooth muscle is regulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ level ([Ca2+] i) b, and the
sensitivity to Ca2+ of the contractile elements in response to changes in the environment …

The 21-amino acid peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the predominant isoform of the endothelin
peptide family, which includes ET-2, ET-3, and ET-4. It exerts various biological effects …

Drugs classified as calcium antagonists or calcium-channel blockers were introduced into
clinical medicine in the 1960s and are now among the most frequently prescribed drugs for …

Hyperglycaemia appears to be a critical factor in the aetiology of diabetic retinopathy and
initiates downstream events including: basement membrane thickening, pericyte drop out …

▪ Abstract In this article, we review the basic pharmacological and biochemical features of
endothelin and the pathophysiological roles of endothelin in cardiovascular diseases …

Following the first report on the identification of endothelin (ET), an increasing body of work
has accumulated on this endothelium-derived 22-amino acid vasoconstictor peptide …