The term cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) comprises the distinctive
spectrum of immune alterations associated with the course of end-stage liver disease …

The intestinal mucosa provides a selective permeable barrier for nutrient absorption and
protection from external factors. It consists of epithelial cells, immune cells and their …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease
worldwide. NAFLD begins as a relatively benign hepatic steatosis which can evolve to non …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent and serious complication of both chronic liver
disease and acute liver failure. HE manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric …

The gut-liver axis refers to the bidirectional relationship between the gut and its microbiota,
and the liver, resulting from the integration of signals generated by dietary, genetic and …

The gut microbiota is a complex and plastic consortium of microorganisms that are intricately
connected with human physiology. The liver is a central immunological organ that is …

In the past decade, an exciting realization has been that diverse liver diseases—ranging
from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis to hepatocellular …

Alcoholic liver disease, which ranges from mild disease to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis,
is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alcohol intake can lead to changes …

Cirrhosis–the common end-stage of chronic liver disease–is associated with a cascade of
events, of which intestinal bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis are central. Bacterial toxins …

Background & Aims Rifaximin-α is efficacious for the prevention of recurrent hepatic
encephalopathy (HE), but its mechanism of action remains unclear. We postulated that …