Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable
light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the next-generation human …

Inspired by physically adaptive, agile, reconfigurable and multifunctional soft-bodied
animals and human muscles, soft actuators have been developed for a variety of …

Soft robots' flexibility and compliance give them the potential to outperform traditional rigid-
bodied robots while performing multiple tasks in unexpectedly changing environments and …

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a kind of connective tissue in the cell microenvironment, which
is of great significance to tissue development. ECM in muscle fiber niche consists of three …

Biohybrid systems have been developed to better understand the design principles and
coordination mechanisms of biological systems. We consider whether two functional …

Bioengineering approaches that combine living cellular components with three-dimensional
scaffolds to generate motion can be used to develop a new generation of miniature robots …

Autonomous micro/nanorobots capable of performing programmed missions are at the
forefront of next-generation micromachinery. These small robotic systems are predominantly …

The past ten years have seen the rapid expansion of the field of biohybrid robotics. By
combining engineered, synthetic components with living biological materials, new robotics …

Biohybrid is a newly emerging and promising approach to construct soft robotics and soft
machines with novel functions, high energy efficiency, great adaptivity and intelligence …

Many biological tissues offer J-shaped stress–strain responses, since their microstructures
exhibit a three-dimensional (3D) network construction of curvy filamentary structures that …