Most species have one or more natural enemies, eg, predators, parasites, pathogens, and
herbivores, among others. These species in turn typically attack multiple victim species. This …

A major challenge in theoretical ecology is understanding how natural microbial
communities support species diversity,,,,,,,, and in particular how antibiotic-producing …

Global climate warming is causing the loss of freshwater ice around the Northern
Hemisphere. Although the timing and duration of ice covers are known to regulate …

A vast body of research demonstrates that many ecological and evolutionary processes can
only be understood from a tri‐trophic viewpoint, that is, one that moves beyond the pairwise …

The very presence of predators can strongly influence flexible prey traits such as behavior,
morphology, life history, and physiology. In a rapidly growing body of literature representing …

This research article centers on the formulation and analysis of a novel prey–predator model
that integrates the impacts of predation fear, prey refuge, and carry-over effects. The model …

There is a growing recognition that ecological systems can spend extended periods of time
far away from an asymptotic state, and that ecological understanding will therefore require a …

In an ecosystem, environmental changes as a result of natural and human processes can
cause some key parameters of the system to change with time. Depending on how fast such …