This paper is the thirty-eighth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2015 …

Background Untreated pain is a source of significant physical and psychosocial distress in
patients with cancer. While guidelines for prescribing opioids have improved the treatment of …

Background Naloxone is the usual drug used in opioid-induced respiratory depression but it
has a short half-life, precipitates withdrawal in dependent patients, and thus for persistent …

This study was designed to examine whether treadmill exercise would attenuate the severity
of physical dependence, methadone-induced anxiety, depression and voluntary morphine …

Methadone is used as a substitution drug for the treatment of opioid dependence and
chronic pain. Despite its widespread use and availability, there is a serious concern with …

Opioid use disorder is a public health problem that includes symptoms such as withdrawal
syndrome and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Currently, drugs to treat side effects of opioids …

Purpose The application of sedation and analgesia in spinal anesthesia has many benefits,
but the risk of respiratory depression (RD) caused by opioids cannot be ignored. We aimed …

Buprenorphine is an agonist at the mu opioid receptor (MOR) and antagonist at the kappa
(KOR) and delta (DOR) receptors and a nociceptin receptor (NOR) ligand. Buprenorphine …

Opioid overdose (OD) has become a major public health issue in the United States and
throughout the world. Opioid OD is typically defined by exposure to an opioid that results in …

Administration of naloxone is a common treatment for opioid-dependent patients who
present with respiratory depression. Although safe in opioid-naive patients, naloxone may …