[HTML][HTML] Immersion cooling innovations and critical hurdles in Li-ion battery cooling for future electric vehicles

A Wahab, H Senobar, N Amjady, H Kemper… - … and Sustainable Energy …, 2025 - Elsevier
Battery electric vehicles are pivotal in advancing the circular economy by reducing carbon
footprints through their sustainable design and low-emission operations. The growing …

Multi-objective optimization of cold plate with spoiler for battery thermal management system using whale optimization algorithm

Z Peng, J Huang, J Lv, J Ye - Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025 - Elsevier
With the high population of electric vehicle adoption, precisely controlling the temperature of
the battery modules is essential to provide long-term sustainability and reliability. In the …

Develo** a novel battery thermal management system utilizing supercritical CO2 as the cooling medium

M Khoshvaght-Aliabadi, P Ghodrati, YT Kang - Applied Energy, 2025 - Elsevier
This study pioneers the utilization of supercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO 2) as a coolant
within Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMSs) designed for cylindrical lithium-ion …

[HTML][HTML] Study on thermal control decoupling and pre-regulating enhancement of battery direct cooling integrated thermal management system

Y Gao, Q Gao - Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2024 - Elsevier
The battery direct cooling thermal management system (TMS) is affected in its application
due to the coupling interference with the air conditioner system. In this paper, decoupling of …

Temperature equalization strategy in immersion flow boiling battery thermal management: Optimization of flow regime in boiling heat transfer

W Jiang, P Lyu, X Liu, Z Rao - Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025 - Elsevier
Immersion flow boiling is a promising technique for battery thermal management to prevent
thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. However, it poses challenges for maintaining …

Thermal performance of symmetrical double-spiral channel liquid cooling plate based battery thermal management for energy storage system

H Gan, J Tian, H Qiu, G Li, C Liu, J Zhao - Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025 - Elsevier
The battery energy storage system (BESS) has the characteristics of high efficiency, fast
response and flexibility, but the uneven temperature and heat accumulation inside the …

Comprehensive investigation of the electro-thermal performance and heat transfer mechanism of battery system under forced flow immersion cooling

Q Liu, Y Liu, M Zhang, S Wang, W Li, X Zhu, X Ju, C Xu… - Energy, 2024 - Elsevier
Efficient cooling during rapid battery charging/discharging necessitates forced circulating
flow in immersion cooling systems. However, under forced flow immersion cooling (FFIC) …

Evaluation of thermal performance of immersion flow boiling thermal management in large-scale battery packs with simplified model

W Jiang, P Lyu, X Liu, C Wen, Z Rao - International Communications in …, 2025 - Elsevier
Immersion flow boiling, with its excellent heat transfer capability, emerges as an ideal
thermal management strategy for future high-performance batteries. However, the …

Research on aging-thermal characteristics coupling and aging thermal management analysis of large-capacity LiFePO4 battery

W Zhao, C Meng, Y Zhao, S ** temperature at desired level is a prioritized issue for electronics. In practice, micro-
processors operate at different speeds due to variable workloads; therefore, micro flow …