The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing
cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a …

Human infections by the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica represent major disease
burdens worldwide. This highly ubiquitous species consists of more than 2600 different …

Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients in the United States. Yet the
individual host response to septicemia is variable, depending on the patient's immune …

▪ Sepsis and its sequelae (sepsis syndrome and septic shock) are increasingly common and
are still potentially lethal diagnoses. Many mediators of the pathogenesis of sepsis have …

Serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),
interleukin (IL)-l β, and IL-6, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine 11–10, and IL-1 receptor …

Thalidomide selectively inhibits the production of human monocyte tumor necrosis factor
alpha (TNF-alpha) when these cells are triggered with lipopolysaccharide and other …

▪ Abstract Advances in the molecular biology of human diseases indicate that the most
striking manifestations of illness may be caused not by exogenous pathogenic or tumor …

Background A recombinant, soluble fusion protein that is a dimer of an extracellular portion
of the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor and the Fc portion of IgG1 (TNFR: Fc) …

Multiple organ failure (MOF) has reached epidemic proportions in most intensive care units
and is fast becoming the most common cause of death in the surgical intensive care unit …

Background Inflammatory cytokines (ICs) are important modulators of injury and repair. ICs
have been found to be elevated in the BAL of patients with both early and late ARDS. We …