Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens.
Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling …

Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity.
Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding …

INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs)
mediate plant immunity by directly or indirectly sensing pathogen effector proteins delivered …

INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor (NLR)
proteins constitute a family of intracellular immune receptors in both animals and plants that …

Highlights•A subset of NLRs form robust networks of helpers underlying the bulk of NLRs
that function as sensors.•Ancient, conserved RNL helper NLRs are required for some sensor …

Highlights•NLRs may have evolved from singletons to pairs and networks.•Assembly of
immunoreceptor complexes is associated with NLR activation.•NLR (mis) regulation …

Animal and plant immune systems use intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization
domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) to detect pathogens, resulting in the activation of …

Contents Summary 17 I. Introduction 17 II. Pathogen perception by NLRs: from direct
recognition to integrated decoys 18 III. Multiple activation and signaling pathways for NLRs …

Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-
triggered immunity (PTI)—the first layer of the immune response—is no longer effective as a …

Animals and plants have NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors) that
recognize the presence of pathogens and initiate innate immune responses. In plants, there …