Abstract The Three-North Shelterbelt (TNS) program is one of China's major ecological
restoration projects over the past few decades. However, evaluation of the ecological …

Protected areas are critical for providing ecosystem services. However, studies on the effect
of protected areas on ecosystem service enhancement remain lacking, which restricts …

Ecological network is an important landscape approach for biodiversity and ecosystem
conservation. However, the lack of further spatial analysis and ecological zoning makes it …

Protected areas (PAs) play a key role in mitigating ecological crises. Currently, priority
protected areas (PPAs) focus on biological conservation, and a few studies have considered …

A forward-looking approach that incorporates biodiversity and nature-based solutions is
needed for climate change adaptation. In this research, we identified conservation priorities …

National parks, as an important type of nature protected areas, are the cornerstone that can
effectively maintain biodiversity and mitigate global climate change. At present, China is …

Context Supply of freshwater to the world's cities is increasingly affected by human
pressures and climate change. Understanding the effects of human pressures and climate …

Biodiversity provides ecosystem services, which are the basis for healthy ecosystems that
support life. These services could either be supporting, provisioning, cultural, or regulating …

Protected areas are crucial for safeguarding biodiversity and mitigating significant threats.
However, the effectiveness of protected areas has been debated, particularly regarding their …

To meet the challenge of biodiversity loss and reach the targets of the proposed Post-2020
Global Biodiversity Framework, the Chinese government updated the list of national key …