Cells constantly adapt their metabolism to meet their energy needs and respond to nutrient
availability. Eukaryotes have evolved a very sophisticated system to sense low cellular ATP …

Macroautophagy is mediated by a unique organelle, the autophagosome, which encloses a
portion of cytoplasm for delivery to the lysosome. Autophagosome formation is dynamically …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

Autophagy is a process by which components of the cell are degraded to maintain essential
activity and viability in response to nutrient limitation. Extensive genetic studies have shown …

Autophagy has been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes.
Accordingly, there is a growing scientific need to accurately identify, quantify, and …

For a long time, lysosomes were considered merely to be cellular'incinerators' involved in
the degradation and recycling of cellular waste. However, now there is compelling evidence …

Autophagy is a vital lysosomal degradation pathway that serves as a quality control
mechanism. It rids the cell of damaged, toxic or excess cellular components, which if left to …

Healthy cells use autophagy as a general'housekee**'mechanism and to survive stress,
including stress induced by nutrient deprivation. Autophagy is initiated at the isolation …

Nutrient starvation induces autophagy in eukaryotic cells through inhibition of TOR (target of
rapamycin), an evolutionarily-conserved protein kinase. TOR, as a central regulator of cell …

(Macro) autophagy is a bulk degradation process that mediates the clearance of long-lived
proteins and organelles. Autophagy is initiated by double-membraned structures, which …