Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants

OJ Schmitz, PA Hambäck… - The American …, 2000 - journals.uchicago.edu
We present a quantitative synthesis of trophic cascades in terrestrial systems using data
from 41 studies, reporting 60 independent tests. The studies covered a wide range of taxa in …

Extreme climatic events shape arid and semiarid ecosystems

M Holmgren, P Stapp, CR Dickman… - Frontiers in Ecology …, 2006 - Wiley Online Library
Climatic changes associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can have a
dramatic impact on terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, but especially on arid and semiarid …

The ecological role of the mammalian mesocarnivore

GW Roemer, ME Gompper, B Van Valkenburgh - BioScience, 2009 - academic.oup.com
Large mammalian carnivores are ecologically important because relatively few individuals
can cause strong predation-driven direct effects or fear-driven indirect effects that can ripple …

Predator diversity dampens trophic cascades

DL Finke, RF Denno - Nature, 2004 - nature.com
Food web complexity is thought to weaken the strength of terrestrial trophic cascades,, in
which strong impacts of natural enemies on herbivores cascade to influence primary …

El Niño effects on the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems

M Holmgren, M Scheffer, E Ezcurra, JR Gutiérrez… - Trends in Ecology & …, 2001 - cell.com
New studies are showing that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has major
implications for the functioning of different ecosystems, ranging from deserts to tropical rain …

Thirteen years of shifting top-down and bottom-up control

PL Meserve, DA Kelt, WB Milstead, JR Gutiérrez - BioScience, 2003 - academic.oup.com
For 13 years, we studied the role of biotic interactions, including predation, herbivory, and
interspecific competition, in a semiarid thorn scrub community in north-central Chile. Using a …

Terrestrial trophic cascades: how much do they trickle?

J Halaj, DH Wise - The American Naturalist, 2001 - journals.uchicago.edu
Although more consensus is now emerging on the magnitude and frequency of cascading
trophic effects in aquatic communities, the debate over their terrestrial counterparts …

El Niño as a window of opportunity for the restoration of degraded arid ecosystems

M Holmgren, M Scheffer - Ecosystems, 2001 - Springer
Most arid ecosystems have suffered from severe overexploitation by excessive wood
harvesting, overgrazing, and agriculture, resulting in depletion of vegetation biomass and …

Top predator control of plant biodiversity and productivity in an old‐field ecosystem

OJ Schmitz - Ecology Letters, 2003 - Wiley Online Library
Predators can have strong indirect effects on plants by altering the way herbivores impact
plants. Yet, many current evaluations of plant species diversity and ecosystem function …

Object-based attention determines dominance in binocular rivalry

JF Mitchell, GR Stoner, JH Reynolds - Nature, 2004 - nature.com
A question of long-standing interest to philosophers, psychologists and neuroscientists is
how the brain selects which signals enter consciousness,. Binocular rivalry and attention …