Climate change induces multiple abiotic and biotic risks to forests and forestry. Risks in
different spatial and temporal scales must be considered to ensure preconditions for …

Herbivores and pathogens impact the species composition, ecosystem function, and
socioeconomic value of forests. Herbivores and pathogens are an integral part of forests, but …

This study compiles and summarizes the existing knowledge about observed and projected
impacts of climate change on forests in Europe. Forests will have to adapt not only to …

Ongoing climate change is mainly evident as increased in average temperature. It is
expected to have a significant impact on world's biomes, with forest ecosystems especially …

Recent estimates for global warming predict increases in global mean surface air
temperatures (relative to 1990) of between 1 and 3.5° C, by 2100. The impact of such …

Although drought affects directly tree physiology and growth, the impact of secondary factors
(insect pests, pathogens and fire) is often greater than the impact of the original stress and …

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, is among the most important agents of
ecological disturbance and economic loss in forests of the south‐eastern United States. We …

The spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura) is an invasive species of Asian
origin that is now widely distributed in North America and Europe. Because of the female's …

The most widely distributed pine species in the world, the conifer Pinus sylvestris (Scots
pine) can be found all the way across Eurasia. The huge pine forests of Siberia are the …

Environmental factors influenced by global climate change determine the distribution ranges
of organisms. Especially ectothermic animals are expected to shift their distribution ranges …