Aposematic animals couple unprofitability to predators, such as toxicity, with a warning
signal, such as conspicuous coloration. Although toxicity and coloration can provide …

Cracking the non‐verbal “code” of human emotions has been a chief interest of generations
of scientists. Yet, despite much effort, a dictionary that clearly maps non‐verbal behaviours …

Aposematic signals warn predators that prey should be avoided due to dangerous
secondary defences. However, as warning signals do not always produce avoidance …

Consumers range from specialists that feed on few resources to generalists that feed on
many. Generalism has the clear advantage of having more resources to exploit, but the costs …

Prey often rely on multiple defences against predators, such as flight speed, attack deflection
from vital body parts, or unpleasant taste, but our understanding on how often and why they …

In this review, we relate theoretical work on the importance of surprise in cognition to
empirical research relevant to surprise in predator–prey interactions. There have been …

Aposematism (considered here as an association between conspicuous colour patterns and
the presence of a harmful secondary defence) has long been recognized as an anti-predator …

Predation exerts a significant selection pressure on prey, sha** a multitude of traits that
serve as antipredator defences. In turn, natural selection could favour combinations of …

Phenology is often thought to evolve mainly in response to food availability, yet recent
studies have focused on predation. Predation may explain apparent mismatches between …

Animal colour patterns are often accompanied by specific, synergistic behaviours to most
effectively defend prey against visual predators. Given the inherent context‐dependence of …