Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an orbital autoimmune disorder and the main extrathyroidal
manifestation of Graves' disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. GO affects …

This article reviews the mechanisms that lead to the development of Graves'
ophthalmopathy. A central feature in its development is autoimmunity that involves not only T …

Background Oxygen free radicals and cytokines play a pathogenic role in Graves'
orbitopathy. Methods We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to …

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by goitre, hyperthyroidism and, in
25% of patients, Graves ophthalmopathy. The hyperthyroidism is caused by thyroid …

Environmental, genetic, and immune factors are at play in the development of the variable
clinical manifestations of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Among the environmental …

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the thyroid gland. It is
the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and occurs at all ages but especially in women …

Context: Several treatment options are available for Graves' disease (GD), including
antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI), and thyroidectomy. Objective: The primary …

Context: Glucocorticoids are effective for severe Graves' orbitopathy (GO), which causes
substantial morbidity. The question at issue is how best to use them. Objective: The objective …

Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune condition. At its core, stimulatory
autoantibodies are directed at the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), resulting in …

This topically limited review explores the relationship between the immune system and
insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and the proteins through which they act …