Light has become established as a tool not only to visualize and investigate but also to steer
biological systems. This review starts by discussing the unique features that make light such …

Two-component systems (TCSs) are a ubiquitous family of signal transduction pathways that
enable bacteria to sense and respond to physical, chemical, and biological stimuli outside …

The l-arabinose-responsive AraC and its cognate PBAD promoter underlie one of the most
often used chemically inducible prokaryotic gene expression systems in microbiology and …

This review adds the bilin-binding phytochromes to the Chemical Reviews thematic issue
“Optogenetics and Photopharmacology”. The work is structured into two parts. We first …

Optogenetic tools for controlling protein–protein interactions (PPIs) have been developed
from a small number of photosensory modules that respond to a limited selection of …

Photo-receptors are widely present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which serves as
the foundation of tuning cell behaviors with light. While practices in eukaryotic cells have …

Two-component systems (TCSs) are the largest family of multi-step signal transduction
pathways and valuable sensors for synthetic biology. However, most TCSs remain …

Highlights•Metabolic cybergenetics promises unprecedented real-time control of
fermentations.•Optogenetic regulators make ideal actuators for metabolic cybergenetics.• …

Numerous photoreceptors and genetic circuits emerged over the past two decades and now
enable the light-dependent ie, optogenetic, regulation of gene expression in bacteria …

Optogenetics holds the promise of controlling biological processes with superb temporal
and spatial resolution at minimal perturbation. Although many of the light-reactive proteins …